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Ebla tablets
The Ebla tablets are a collection of as many as 1800 complete clay tablets, 4700 fragments and many thousand minor chips found in the palace archives〔Numbers as in R. Biggs, "The Ebla tablets: an interim perspective", ''The Biblical Achaeologist'' 43 (1980:76-87); Palace G in the excavation reports.〕 of the ancient city of Ebla, Syria. The tablets were discovered by Italian archaeologist Paolo Matthiae and his team in 1974–75〔 during their excavations at the ancient city of Tell Mardikh.〔Hans H. Wellisch, "Ebla: The World's Oldest Library", ''The Journal of Library History'' 16.3 (Summer 1981:488-500) p. 488f.〕 The tablets, which were found ''in situ'' on collapsed shelves, retained many of their contemporary clay tags to help reference them. They all date to the period between ca. 2500 BC and the destruction of the city ca. 2250 BC.〔Dumper; Stanley, 2007, p.141.〕 Today, the tablets are being held in the Syrian museums of Aleppo, Damascus, and Idlib.
==Language==
Two languages appeared in the writing on the tablets: Sumerian, and a previously unknown language that used the Sumerian cuneiform script (Sumerian logograms or "Sumerograms") as a phonetic representation of the locally spoken Ebla language. The latter script was initially identified as proto-Canaanite by professor Giovanni Pettinato, who first deciphered the tablets, because it predated the Semitic languages of Canaan, like Ugaritic and Hebrew. Pettinato later retracted the designation and decided to call it simply "Eblaite", the name by which it is known today.〔
The purely phonetic use of Sumerian logograms marks a momentous advance in the history of writing.〔The point is briefly made by Stephen D. Cole, in a letter "Eblaite in Sumerian Script" in ''The Biblical Archaeologist'' 40.2 (May 1977:49). 〕 From the earlier system developed by Sumerian scribes, employing a mixed use of logograms and phonetic signs, the scribes at Ebla employed a reduced number of signs from the existing systems entirely phonetically, both the earliest example of transcription (rendering sounds in a system invented for another language) and a major simplifying step towards "reader friendliness" that would enable a wider spread of literacy in palace, temple and merchant contexts.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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